Value-Focused Thinking: A Path to Creative DecisionmakingThe standard way of thinking about decisions is backwards, says Ralph Keeney: people focus first on identifying alternatives rather than on articulating values. A problem arises and people react, placing the emphasis on mechanics and fixed choices instead of on the objectives that give decisionmaking its meaning. In this book, Keeney shows how recognizing and articulating fundamental values can lead to the identification of decision opportunities and the creation of better alternatives. The intent is to be proactive and to select more attractive decisions to ponder before attempting any solutions. |
Contents
Thinking about Values | 3 |
11 ValueFocused Thinking | 4 |
12 Creating Alternatives | 9 |
13 Identifying Decision Opportunities | 16 |
14 Thinking about Values | 22 |
15 The Uses of ValueFocused Thinking | 23 |
The Framework of ValueFocused Thinking | 29 |
21 Framing a Decision Situation | 30 |
77 Coordinated Alternatives | 216 |
78 Process Alternatives | 218 |
79 Removing Constraints | 220 |
710 Better Utilization of Resources | 222 |
711 Screening to Identify Good Alternatives | 224 |
712 Alternatives for a Series of Similar Decisions | 225 |
Creating Alternatives for Multiple Decisionmakers | 226 |
81 Pleasing Other Stakeholders | 227 |
22 Fundamental Objectives | 33 |
23 The Decision Context | 35 |
24 Guiding Strategic Thinking and Action | 40 |
25 The Framework | 44 |
26 Comparing AlternativeFocused and ValueFocused Thinking | 47 |
27 Ethics and Value Neutrality | 51 |
FOUNDATIONS | 53 |
Identifying and Structuring Objectives | 55 |
32 Identifying Fundamental Objectives | 65 |
33 Structures of Objectives | 69 |
34 How to Structure Objectives | 77 |
35 Desirable Properties of Fundamental Objectives | 82 |
36 Relating Objectives Hierarchies and Objectives Networks | 87 |
37 Incomplete Objectives Hierarchies and Networks | 92 |
38 Objectives Hierarchies for Groups | 95 |
Measuring the Achievement of Objectives | 99 |
41 The Concept of an Attribute | 100 |
42 The Types of Attributes | 101 |
43 Developing Constructed Attributes | 103 |
44 Use of Proxy Attributes | 110 |
45 Desirable Properties of Attributes | 112 |
46 The Decision of Selecting Attributes | 118 |
47 Connecting Decision Situations with Attributes | 121 |
Quantifying Objectives with a Value Model | 129 |
51 Building a Value Model | 130 |
52 MultipleObjective Value Models | 132 |
53 SingleObjective Value Models | 141 |
54 Prioritizing Objectives | 147 |
55 The Art of Assessing Value Models | 149 |
56 Issues to Consider in Value Assessments | 152 |
USES | 155 |
Uncovering Hidden Objectives | 157 |
61 Insights from Attributes | 159 |
62 Insights from Violations of Independence Assumptions | 165 |
63 Insights from Value Tradeoffs | 178 |
64 Insights from SingleAttribute Objective Functions | 182 |
65 Insights from Multiple Value Assessments | 194 |
Creating Alternatives for a Single Decisionmaker | 198 |
71 Counteracting Cognitive Biases | 199 |
72 Use of Objectives | 201 |
73 Use of Strategic Objectives | 207 |
74 Focus on HighValue Alternatives | 209 |
75 Use of Evaluated Alternatives | 211 |
76 Generic Alternatives | 213 |
82 Stakeholder Influence on Your Consequences | 230 |
83 Clarifying Stakeholder Values for Group Decisions | 233 |
84 Creating Alternatives for Negotiations | 237 |
Identifying Decision Opportunities | 241 |
91 Use of Strategic Objectives | 242 |
92 Use of Resources Available | 246 |
93 A Broader Decision Context | 249 |
94 Monitoring Achievement | 250 |
95 Establishing a Process | 255 |
96 Negotiating for Your Side and for the Other Side | 256 |
97 Being in the Right Place at the Right Time | 262 |
98 When You Have No Idea about What to Do | 265 |
Insights for the Decisionmaking Process | 268 |
101 Guiding Information Collection | 270 |
102 Evaluating Alternatives | 273 |
103 Interconnecting Decisions | 275 |
104 Improving Communication | 278 |
105 Facilitating Involvement in MultipleStakeholder Decisions | 281 |
106 Guiding Strategic Thinking | 284 |
APPLICATIONS | 287 |
Selected Applications | 289 |
112 Transporting Nuclear Waste | 295 |
113 Research on Climate Change | 307 |
114 Air Pollution in Los Angeles | 317 |
115 Design of Integrated Circuit Testers | 325 |
116 Collaborating on a Book | 334 |
ValueFocused Thinking at British Columbia Hydro | 342 |
121 Identification and Structuring of the Strategic Objectives | 344 |
122 First Revision of the Strategic Objectives and the Preliminary Attributes | 350 |
123 Current Version of the Strategic Objectives and Attributes | 353 |
124 The Quantitative Value Assessment | 358 |
125 Insights from the Value Assessment | 366 |
126 Decision Opportunities | 368 |
ValueFocused Thinking for My Decisions | 372 |
132 Guiding Involvement in Professional Activities | 377 |
133 Decisions about Health and Safety | 381 |
134 Professional Decisions | 384 |
135 Personal Decisions | 391 |
136 ValueFocused Thinking and You | 399 |
403 | |
410 | |
412 | |
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Value-Focused Thinking: A Path to Creative Decisionmaking Ralph L. KEENEY,Ralph L Keeney Limited preview - 2009 |